Unit-IV: Offences Against the State, Public Tranquility, Public Servants & Public Justice (BNS, 2023) 1. Offences Against the State (Military, Currency and Sovereignty) A. Waging War Against the Government of India (Section 147) B. Sedition / Acts Endangering Sovereignty and Unity (Section 152 of BNS, 2023) C. Offences Relating to Army, Navy, Air Force and…
Unit-IV: Liability of State in Torts and Contracts, Inter-State Trade & Public Services 1. Liability of State in Torts and Contracts A. Contractual Liability of the State (Article 299) B. Tortious Liability of the State (Article 300) 2. Freedom of Inter-State Trade, Commerce and Intercourse (Part XIII, Articles 301 to 307) 3. Public Services under…
Unit-IV: Waqf, Mutawalli, Management, Administration & Waqf Tribunals 1. Meaning, Definition and Essentials of Waqf A. Statutory Definition (Section 3(r) of the Waqf Act, 1995) B. Essential Requisites of a Valid Waqf 2. Kinds, Creation, and Revocation of Waqf 3. Salient Features of the Waqf Act, 1995 4. The Mutawalli: Rights, Duties, Powers and Removal…
Unit-IV: Passing of Property, Nemo Dat, Unpaid Seller & Remedies 1. Passing of Property (Ownership vs. Possession) A. Significance of Passing of Property (Section 19) B. Rules for Transfer of Property (Sections 20 to 25) 2. Transfer of Title by Non-Owners: The Maxim Nemo Dat Quod Non Habet A. General Rule (Section 27) B. Statutory…
Unit-IV: Constitutional Dimensions, Writ Jurisdiction & Judicial Activism 1. Constitutional Mandate for Environmental Protection While the original text of the Constitution of India enacted in 1950 did not contain explicit provisions regarding environmental pollution (as ecological crises had not yet attained alarming proportions), the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 introduced direct, explicit constitutional commitments: A….
Law of Torts Including Motor Vehicles Act and Consumer Protection Laws Unit-IV: Defamation, Negligence, Business Torts, Remedies & Remoteness of Damage Part A: Defamation 1. Meaning and Forms of Defamation 2. Essential Ingredients and Defences Part B: The Tort of Negligence 1. Concept and Evolution of Negligence 2. Three Essential Ingredients of Negligence 3. Doctrine…
Unit-IV: Exploitation, Religion, Cultural Rights, Constitutional Remedies & Limitations (Arts. 31A–C) 1. Rights Against Exploitation (Articles 23 & 24) 2. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25 to 28) A. Freedom of Conscience and Free Profession, Practice, and Propagation (Article 25) B. Freedom to Manage Religious Affairs (Article 26) C. Freedom as to Payment of…
Unit-IV: Adoption, Maintenance and Guardianship 1. Concept of Adoption and Historical Perspectives A. Historical Evolution 2. The Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956 (HAMA) A. Requisites of a Valid Adoption (Section 6) No adoption shall be valid unless: B. Capacity of a Male Hindu to Adopt (Section 7) C. Capacity of a Female Hindu to…
Unit-IV: Quasi-Contracts and Remedies for Breach of Contract Part A: Quasi-Contracts (Certain Relations Resembling those Created by Contract) 1. Concept and Nature of Quasi-Contracts (Chapter V, Sections 68 to 72) 2. Statutory Categories of Quasi-Contracts under the Indian Contract Act Part B: Remedies for Breach of Contract When a contract is breached, the injured party…
Unit-IV: Trademarks, Passing Off, Infringement & Industrial Designs Part A: Intellectual Property in Trademarks 1. Rationale of Trademark Protection 2. Definition of Trademark and Distinction from Property Mark 3. Registration of Trademarks 4. Passing Off vs. Infringement of Trademark Part B: Industrial Designs — The Designs Act, 2000 1. Definition and Characteristics of Design (Section…