Unit-V: Emergency Provisions, Impact on Federalism & Basic Structure Doctrine 1. Emergency Provisions (Part XVIII, Articles 352 to 360) The Indian Constitution incorporates unique emergency provisions that temporarily transform the ordinary federal structure into a unitary system to safeguard national security and sovereignty. A. National Emergency (Article 352) B. State Emergency / President’s Rule (Article…
Unit-V: Special Marriage Act 1954, Indian Divorce Act 1869, Domicile & Christian Succession 1. The Special Marriage Act, 1954 A. Nature and Significance B. Procedure and Registration 2. Salient Features of the Indian Divorce Act, 1869 3. Concept of Domicile in Family Law 4. Maintenance to Dependents and Spouses across Secular Laws 5. Intestate Succession…
Unit-V: Contract of Partnership, Registration, Relations of Partners & Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) 1. Meaning, Definition and Nature of Partnership (Indian Partnership Act, 1932) A. Statutory Definition (Section 4) B. Essential Elements of Partnership 2. Registration of Firms and Effect of Non-Registration (Sections 56 to 69) A. Procedure for Registration (Sections 58 & 59) B….
Unit-V: International Environmental Regime, Transnational Pollution, State Liability & Global Treaties 1. Introduction to International Environmental Law & Transnational Pollution A. Nature and Scope B. The No-Harm Rule (Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas) 2. State Liability and Transnational Responsibility 3. Landmark Global Declarations and Summits A. Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment (1972)…
Unit-V: Consumer Protection Act, 2019, Product Liability & Consumerism 1. Consumerism and Common Law Limitations 2. The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 (Salient Features) The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 replaced the archaic 1986 Act, introducing modern regulatory mechanisms to address e-commerce, misleading advertisements, and product liability: 3. Key Definitions under the Act A. Consumer (Section 2(7))…
Unit-V: Directive Principles of State Policy, Fundamental Duties & Judicial Interpretation 1. Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP – Part IV, Articles 36 to 51) A. Nature, Significance, and Objectives B. Classification of Directive Principles Though not formally classified in the text, legal scholars broadly categorize DPSPs into three distinct schools of thought: 2. Relationship…
Unit-V: Succession — Intestate Succession, Coparcenary Rights & Women’s Property 1. Introduction to Intestate Succession under Hindu Law 2. Succession to the Property of a Hindu Male (Sections 8 to 13) When a male Hindu dies intestate, his property devolves according to Section 8 in the following order: A. Class-I Heirs (The Primary Ring of…
Unit-V: Specific Relief Act, 1963 1. Introduction and Philosophy of Specific Relief A. Meaning and Nature of Specific Relief B. Major Reforms under the Specific Relief (Amendment) Act, 2018 The 2018 Amendment transformed Indian contract enforcement to improve the “Ease of Doing Business”: 2. Recovery of Possession of Property (Sections 5 to 8) A. Recovery…
Unit-V: Patent Law — The Patents Act, 1970 1. Concept of Patent & Historical Overview in India A. Conceptualizing a Patent B. Historical Evolution of Patent Law in India 2. Patentable Inventions & Statutory Exceptions (Sections 2(1)(j) and Section 3) A. Core Criteria of Patentability (Section 2(1)(j)) For an invention to be patentable under Indian…
Unit-V: Alienation Laws, Scheduled Areas, Assigned Lands, Land Grabbing & ROR Proceedings 1. Introduction and Overview of Land Alienation Controls While land is a transferable asset in a market economy, unrestricted alienation in vulnerable tribal belts, assigned government lands, and urban centers leads to land grabbing, distress sales, and the pauperization of indigenous populations. Consequently,…