| Unit-I | Nature, Definition & Elements | Winfield, Salmond definitions | Tort elements, wrongful acts, damnum sine injuria (Gloucester Grammar School), and injuria sine damno (Ashby v. White). |
| Unit-II | General Defences & Liability | Strict & Absolute Liability | Volenti non fit injuria, sovereign immunity, Rylands v. Fletcher (strict liability), and M.C. Mehta (absolute liability). |
| Unit-III | Specific Torts & MV Act | Assault, battery, MV Act, 1988 | False imprisonment, malicious prosecution, nuisance, trespass, and mandatory third-party insurance claims. |
| Unit-IV | Defamation, Negligence & Remedies | Libel, Slander, Negligence | Donoghue v. Stevenson neighbor principle, Wagon Mound remoteness test, and assessment of damages. |
| Unit-V | Consumer Protection Act, 2019 | CPA 2019 / Product Liability | Consumer definition, CCPA, defects/deficiencies, product liability, and district/state/national commissions. |
