| Unit-I | General Clauses Act, 1897 | Sections 3 to 30 | Standard definitions, statutory dictionary, and savings upon repeal. |
| Unit-II | Rules of Interpretation | Literal, Golden, & Mischief Rules | Grammatical construction, avoidance of absurdity, and Heydon’s purposive approach. |
| Unit-III | Special Rules of Construction | Penal, Taxing, Beneficial & Harmonious | Strict construction of penal/tax laws, liberal beneficial construction, and harmonious reconciliation. |
| Unit-IV | Aids & Presumptions | Internal / External Aids | Preamble, SOR, parliamentary history, and constitutional presumptions. |
| Unit-V | Repeals & Subordinate Legislation | Section 6 GCA & Ultra Vires | Effect of repeals, amendments, ultra vires rules, and substantive/procedural laws. |
